Tuesday, June 03, 2008

A God of Fluctuations?

My previous post, "Let There Be Light" and Entropy, suggested that the universe's conspicuously low physical entropy at the time of the big bang — entropy measures disorder, so low entropy means high order — corresponds to the lowering of informational entropy that comes with the production and receipt of any message or utterance. The state of things prior to the utterance is high-entropy: there are any number of possible utterances that can be made/heard, and thus the crystallizing of many possibilities into one actuality dramatically lowers entropy.

So when the Bible attributes the utterance "Let there be light" to the Lord at the dawn of creation, may it not have been right after all? Isn't this a poetic way of saying that the universe as we know it began when God delivered to it the entropy-lowering command of all entropy-lowering commands?

If so, then it looks as if the physical concomitant of that poetic utterance may have been a single paltry "fluctuation." According to cosmologist Sean M. Carroll in Does Time Run Backward in Other Universes? (Scientific American, June 2008) physicists believe that a lot of abstract entities can experience fluctuations, and when they do, new worlds can emerge into existence:


In the presence of dark energy, empty space is not completely empty. Fluctuations of quantum fields give rise to a very low temperature—enormously lower than the temperature of today’s universe but nonetheless not quite absolute zero. All quantum fields experience occasional thermal fluctuations in such a universe. That means it is not perfectly quiescent; if we wait long enough, individual particles and even substantial collections of particles will fluctuate into existence, only to once again disperse into the vacuum. (These are real particles, as opposed to the short-lived “virtual” particles that empty space contains even in the absence of dark energy.)

Among the things that can fluctuate into existence are small patches of ultradense dark energy. If conditions are just right, that patch can undergo inflation and pinch off to form a separate universe all its own — a baby universe. Our universe may be the offspring of some other universe.



In an earlier post, Chance ... or God, I also spoke of "fluctuations" in so-called dissipative systems. These systems, among which are all living systems, take in energy that propels changes in the systems' own states of organization. The processes of change traverse "bifurcation points" at which one new state is chosen, seemingly arbitrarily, and other equally likely possibilities are discarded for all time. What decides which new state is chosen? A quantum fluctuation or perturbation.

Such a fluctuation is treated as happening at random, by sheer chance. There is, for scientists, no possible further explanation.

The genetic mutations that are the raw material for Darwinian evolution may be, at bottom, products of quantum fluctuations in living matter. Again, the scientist is committed to attributing them to blind chance.

Notice the commonality here? Novelty — cosmic or biological — is born of random fluctuations. At such a juncture, entropy is lowered by virtue of the choice of one actuality out of a bevy of (henceforth foregone) alternative potentialities. In both the cosmic case and the biological one, there is an available parallelism between the physical lowering of entropy and the lowering of entropy that information theory would associate with receipt of a message or command ... in this case, from God.

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